The most expensive way in is a valid credential.
Most breaches start with a credential that was valid at the time. The login screen is taken seriously; everything a valid identity is allowed to do after it is not. The control that matters is what happens next.
$4.4Maverage cost of a breach
SOURCE: IBM · COST OF A DATA BREACH 2025GLOBAL AVERAGE
Machines outnumber people.
Service accounts, API keys, CI runners and AI agents hold more credentials than your workforce does, and most were never mapped to least privilege.
82:1non-human to human identities
SOURCE: CYBERARK · 2025IDENTITY SECURITY LANDSCAPE
Login is a binary decision.
One check, implicit trust after it, a blind spot until the session ends. Policy lives in a document, not in the session.
LEGACY MODELONE CHECK PER SESSION
Four consoles. Zero map.
IdP, HRIS, cloud IAM and SaaS admin panels each hold a slice of the truth. Nobody holds the join, so nobody can list every agent and what it can reach.
ENDPOINTS · CLOUDIDENTITY LOGS · NON-HUMAN
The auditor’s question.
Who could access what, when, and who approved it. Most estates answer in spreadsheets, weeks after the fact, from logs that were never meant to be evidence.
WHO · WHAT · WHENWHO APPROVED